0 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:15,000 INDOXXI Support dengan like & share :) 1 00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:04,004 (silence) 2 00:00:10,611 --> 00:00:13,947 (gentle hopeful melody) 3 00:01:18,146 --> 00:01:22,316 - [Voiceover] We inherited an astonishingly beautiful home 4 00:01:24,218 --> 00:01:28,389 and with it, we've accomplished extraordinary things. 5 00:01:42,670 --> 00:01:44,372 (ominous melody) 6 00:01:44,405 --> 00:01:47,141 But we are changing the Earth's climate 7 00:01:47,175 --> 00:01:51,245 by releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases 8 00:01:51,279 --> 00:01:52,946 into the atmosphere. 9 00:01:56,116 --> 00:01:58,486 Over the last several decades, 10 00:01:58,519 --> 00:02:01,155 we have raised the Earth's average temperature 11 00:02:01,189 --> 00:02:03,023 by .7 degrees Celsius. 12 00:02:05,893 --> 00:02:09,263 This seemingly small change is already causing 13 00:02:09,297 --> 00:02:11,965 heat waves, droughts, wildfires, 14 00:02:13,434 --> 00:02:16,670 and storms that have killed tens of thousands of people 15 00:02:16,704 --> 00:02:20,874 and caused hundreds of billions of dollars in damage. 16 00:02:25,479 --> 00:02:28,782 - We see things that the climate scientists 17 00:02:28,816 --> 00:02:32,886 of 20 years ago were not predicting would occur so soon. 18 00:02:32,920 --> 00:02:35,155 We're not looking at one or two bad events 19 00:02:35,189 --> 00:02:36,724 or one or two bad years, 20 00:02:36,757 --> 00:02:39,627 we're now looking at three and four decades. 21 00:02:39,660 --> 00:02:42,963 Very small changes make huge differences 22 00:02:42,996 --> 00:02:47,067 in what it's like to live in places on the Earth. 23 00:02:49,637 --> 00:02:52,005 - [Voiceover] Over a billion people in China, 24 00:02:52,039 --> 00:02:55,276 India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh 25 00:02:55,309 --> 00:02:59,480 depend on the Himalayan glaciers for water, 26 00:02:59,513 --> 00:03:02,383 but global warming is endangering them 27 00:03:02,416 --> 00:03:05,753 and all the Earth's freshwater supplies. 28 00:03:11,459 --> 00:03:14,262 Coral reefs support the richest concentration 29 00:03:14,295 --> 00:03:15,696 of life on Earth, 30 00:03:17,164 --> 00:03:21,034 but greenhouse gases make our oceans warmer and more acidic. 31 00:03:22,970 --> 00:03:24,472 If this continues, 32 00:03:24,505 --> 00:03:28,442 the coral and much of the ocean's life will vanish. 33 00:03:34,181 --> 00:03:36,216 We also face rising sea levels 34 00:03:36,250 --> 00:03:40,187 caused by the melting of Greenland's ice sheet. 35 00:03:44,191 --> 00:03:47,227 - If we look at the last period that was warmer 36 00:03:47,261 --> 00:03:50,998 than the present one, about 130,00 years ago, 37 00:03:52,433 --> 00:03:56,604 sea level then was at least six meters higher than it is now 38 00:03:58,071 --> 00:04:01,041 and that was only about one degree Celsius warmer 39 00:04:01,074 --> 00:04:02,476 than it is today. 40 00:04:07,281 --> 00:04:09,249 - [Voiceover] Global sea levels have already risen 41 00:04:09,283 --> 00:04:10,518 by eight inches 42 00:04:11,685 --> 00:04:14,922 and if Greenland's ice sheet melts completely, 43 00:04:14,955 --> 00:04:17,391 sea levels will rise 23 feet. 44 00:04:19,793 --> 00:04:21,929 - I don't think most citizen's in the world 45 00:04:21,962 --> 00:04:25,433 have really grasped what is happening 46 00:04:25,466 --> 00:04:27,568 and what these risks are. 47 00:04:29,102 --> 00:04:31,104 Many of our major cities 48 00:04:32,740 --> 00:04:34,141 will be submerged. 49 00:04:34,174 --> 00:04:36,844 (gentle melody) 50 00:05:22,623 --> 00:05:26,193 - Over 600 million people's homes will be destroyed 51 00:05:26,226 --> 00:05:29,096 if the world's coastlines are flooded 52 00:05:29,129 --> 00:05:32,232 and if we continue with business as usual, 53 00:05:32,265 --> 00:05:34,402 warming the planet further, 54 00:05:34,435 --> 00:05:36,203 by the middle of this century, 55 00:05:36,236 --> 00:05:39,239 we could trigger runaway climate change, 56 00:05:39,272 --> 00:05:41,875 a process beyond human control. 57 00:05:44,412 --> 00:05:48,215 - What do you do if you have that information? 58 00:05:48,248 --> 00:05:49,517 What do you do? 59 00:05:50,684 --> 00:05:53,521 - Over the next six to ten years, 60 00:05:53,554 --> 00:05:56,223 we have an urgent responsibility 61 00:05:57,658 --> 00:06:01,762 to decide how this world is going to be in the future. 62 00:06:05,032 --> 00:06:06,534 - [Voiceover] But the climate crisis 63 00:06:06,567 --> 00:06:08,836 is also a huge opportunity. 64 00:06:09,703 --> 00:06:11,271 We already possess technologies 65 00:06:11,304 --> 00:06:13,407 that can stop climate change 66 00:06:13,441 --> 00:06:17,110 and adopting them will greatly improve our environment, 67 00:06:17,144 --> 00:06:20,814 our economies, our health, and our security. 68 00:06:22,916 --> 00:06:26,319 - The future has turned into the present. 69 00:06:28,121 --> 00:06:32,292 We can create a society that is powered by clean energy. 70 00:06:35,162 --> 00:06:37,665 The benefits will be enormous. 71 00:06:39,900 --> 00:06:44,505 Once we get off fossil fuels, we're not going back. 72 00:06:44,538 --> 00:06:47,875 - [Voiceover] But we are in a race against time, 73 00:06:47,908 --> 00:06:51,479 and some of the world's wealthiest and most powerful people 74 00:06:51,512 --> 00:06:53,681 are opposing the progress. 75 00:06:54,848 --> 00:06:56,684 - There are a lot of adversaries. 76 00:06:56,717 --> 00:06:58,218 There are people who say 77 00:06:58,251 --> 00:07:00,721 there's no such thing as climate change, 78 00:07:00,754 --> 00:07:03,423 there are producers of carbon who say 79 00:07:03,457 --> 00:07:06,359 this is where the world is. 80 00:07:06,393 --> 00:07:08,896 - The fear factor that people wanna throw out there 81 00:07:08,929 --> 00:07:11,665 and just say, "We just have to stop this," 82 00:07:11,699 --> 00:07:13,033 I do not accept. 83 00:07:16,637 --> 00:07:18,238 - If you fast-forward 50 years from now, 84 00:07:18,271 --> 00:07:20,574 our kids are looking at the problem that we leave them, 85 00:07:20,608 --> 00:07:23,611 they're gonna go, "Okay, so let me get this straight. 86 00:07:23,644 --> 00:07:25,879 "You had the technology to solve the problem 87 00:07:25,913 --> 00:07:28,949 "and you decided it's too big a task. 88 00:07:28,982 --> 00:07:30,984 "How dumb could you be?" 89 00:07:36,524 --> 00:07:40,694 - It's too late to be a pessimist, not as simple as that. 90 00:07:42,730 --> 00:07:45,298 This is a moment that we don't want to fail, 91 00:07:45,332 --> 00:07:48,636 we don't want to fail humanity. 92 00:07:48,669 --> 00:07:52,439 - It's the battle for defend nature, 93 00:07:52,472 --> 00:07:56,243 for defend the defenseless and the voiceless. 94 00:07:57,611 --> 00:08:00,914 It is a battle to prevent powerful people from 95 00:08:02,516 --> 00:08:04,785 despoiling the environment. 96 00:08:10,558 --> 00:08:15,162 - A old saying goes necessity is the mother of invention, 97 00:08:15,195 --> 00:08:19,132 we got the mother of all necessities before us. 98 00:08:22,035 --> 00:08:26,206 - [Voiceover] This is a gigantic, scientific, technological, 99 00:08:27,541 --> 00:08:29,209 and moral challenge. 100 00:08:33,180 --> 00:08:37,350 There's a great struggle for the future of the world. 101 00:08:51,765 --> 00:08:54,702 (foreboding sound) 102 00:09:14,087 --> 00:09:16,757 (somber melody) 103 00:09:34,975 --> 00:09:37,144 - Boone County, in its day 104 00:09:38,145 --> 00:09:40,047 and when I was younger, 105 00:09:41,281 --> 00:09:43,316 it was just breathtaking. 106 00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:46,153 As a kid growing up here, 107 00:09:46,186 --> 00:09:50,357 you roam these mountains, that's what you do. 108 00:09:50,390 --> 00:09:52,459 All my life it's been such a beautiful, 109 00:09:52,492 --> 00:09:54,662 wonderful, peaceful place. 110 00:09:57,497 --> 00:10:00,734 So, when the mountain started exploding, 111 00:10:00,768 --> 00:10:02,870 of course I was outraged. 112 00:10:08,108 --> 00:10:09,276 - I heard blasting 113 00:10:09,309 --> 00:10:11,912 and it was off in the distance. 114 00:10:13,113 --> 00:10:15,949 And I came upon it and I was stunned. 115 00:10:17,718 --> 00:10:20,187 I had heard of mountaintop removal, 116 00:10:20,220 --> 00:10:22,555 but had no clue what it was. 117 00:10:26,994 --> 00:10:28,095 I went up the mountain 118 00:10:28,128 --> 00:10:31,364 and saw what was happening above my home. 119 00:10:33,266 --> 00:10:34,935 And I took a flyover 120 00:10:35,969 --> 00:10:37,971 on a small plane 121 00:10:38,005 --> 00:10:39,907 and it changed my life. 122 00:10:48,882 --> 00:10:50,417 - [Voiceover] They take a mountaintop, 123 00:10:50,450 --> 00:10:53,854 deforest the top of the mountain, clearcut it. 124 00:10:53,887 --> 00:10:55,488 - They remove all of the vegetation, 125 00:10:55,522 --> 00:10:59,226 they bring in ammonium nitrate and diesel fuel 126 00:10:59,259 --> 00:11:01,328 and then they detonate that 127 00:11:01,361 --> 00:11:02,538 and boom, there goes the mountain. 128 00:11:02,562 --> 00:11:04,998 (explosions) 129 00:11:15,608 --> 00:11:19,780 - Material that's being spewed into the air from blasting, 130 00:11:21,181 --> 00:11:22,783 it's rock not dirt, 131 00:11:24,251 --> 00:11:27,420 and so that's something that contains arsenic 132 00:11:27,454 --> 00:11:29,256 or other different metals 133 00:11:29,289 --> 00:11:32,726 and stuff that you don't want to breathe. 134 00:11:41,835 --> 00:11:43,203 - [Voiceover] And you also get coal 135 00:11:43,236 --> 00:11:45,138 that's pulverized in fine particulates, 136 00:11:45,172 --> 00:11:47,975 and that is raw coal which is containing arsenic 137 00:11:48,008 --> 00:11:52,179 and lead and mercury, and a whole variety of elements. 138 00:11:53,814 --> 00:11:55,682 - The dust is horrible. 139 00:11:55,715 --> 00:11:58,018 I had two children that had asthma 140 00:11:58,051 --> 00:12:01,054 and I started complaining because we needed to breathe. 141 00:12:01,088 --> 00:12:03,456 - When you compare before mountaintop removal mining 142 00:12:03,490 --> 00:12:05,793 to after mountaintop removal mining, 143 00:12:05,826 --> 00:12:08,228 there is a very substantial increase 144 00:12:08,261 --> 00:12:11,198 in lung and bronchus cancer. 145 00:12:11,231 --> 00:12:15,335 - They'll send in heavy machinery clear away that coal 146 00:12:15,368 --> 00:12:17,838 and then everything that's left, all the coal mining waste, 147 00:12:17,871 --> 00:12:20,340 gets swept off the top of the mountain 148 00:12:20,373 --> 00:12:22,075 into the neighboring valley, 149 00:12:22,109 --> 00:12:23,887 so where there was once a mountain and valley, 150 00:12:23,911 --> 00:12:26,847 you just have flat lunar landscape. 151 00:12:30,017 --> 00:12:32,853 - [Voiceover] In the state of West Virginia alone, 152 00:12:32,886 --> 00:12:34,988 there's nearly a million acres 153 00:12:35,022 --> 00:12:38,091 of mountaintop removal coal mining, 154 00:12:38,125 --> 00:12:41,528 more that five hundred mountains in Appalachia 155 00:12:41,561 --> 00:12:43,230 that's been leveled. 156 00:12:46,834 --> 00:12:48,735 - [Voiceover] They're taking rocks 157 00:12:48,768 --> 00:12:51,004 that should be inside a mountain 158 00:12:51,038 --> 00:12:54,107 with very heavy metals, things like arsenic, 159 00:12:54,141 --> 00:12:56,109 and putting that into the valley 160 00:12:56,143 --> 00:12:59,212 which is the source of the watershed. 161 00:13:04,251 --> 00:13:05,953 Communities that are living downstream 162 00:13:05,986 --> 00:13:10,958 have heavy toxins going into their water supplies. 163 00:13:10,991 --> 00:13:15,162 It has huge human health impacts and consequences. 164 00:13:17,430 --> 00:13:20,300 - The Clean Water Act, it previously said you can't 165 00:13:20,333 --> 00:13:24,504 dump waste in the waters of the United States of America. 166 00:13:27,307 --> 00:13:30,443 Department of Interior edited it, 167 00:13:30,477 --> 00:13:34,647 you can't dump waste, but you can dump fill material. 168 00:13:36,183 --> 00:13:38,651 And then they reclassified mountaintop removal waste 169 00:13:38,685 --> 00:13:40,087 as fill material. 170 00:13:44,391 --> 00:13:45,734 The coal is shot down a conveyor system 171 00:13:45,758 --> 00:13:48,695 and go to a processing plant, 172 00:13:48,728 --> 00:13:50,063 it gets crushed. 173 00:13:51,664 --> 00:13:54,667 And it goes through a diesel bath. 174 00:13:54,701 --> 00:13:56,836 It goes through a chemical cleaning process, 175 00:13:56,870 --> 00:14:00,040 removing arsenic, mercury, lead. 176 00:14:00,073 --> 00:14:02,142 - The cleaner the coal gets, 177 00:14:02,175 --> 00:14:06,980 the more of the really nasty stuff that gets left here. 178 00:14:07,014 --> 00:14:11,851 Everything gets pumped back up into coal slurry impoundments 179 00:14:11,885 --> 00:14:15,822 is what they call 'em, we call 'em sludge dams. 180 00:14:18,758 --> 00:14:20,393 It's real thick 181 00:14:20,427 --> 00:14:21,427 like mud. 182 00:14:27,667 --> 00:14:30,837 - [Voiceover] Every one of them leaks. 183 00:14:33,506 --> 00:14:36,143 - We would play in the stream as kids, 184 00:14:36,176 --> 00:14:39,346 we would gather water from the stream. 185 00:14:41,414 --> 00:14:44,184 This is now a pollution spillway. 186 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:48,755 - Everyone thought the water was safe, 187 00:14:48,788 --> 00:14:50,633 you know, that's well water, it'll have a little color, 188 00:14:50,657 --> 00:14:54,127 a little odor, but you know, will not harm you. 189 00:14:54,161 --> 00:14:55,662 My brother, he was 190 00:14:56,863 --> 00:14:59,232 probably 28 years old at the time 191 00:14:59,266 --> 00:15:01,268 and he had noticed a knot 192 00:15:02,669 --> 00:15:06,606 starting to appear on his forehead, it was on this side. 193 00:15:07,774 --> 00:15:10,477 It was very aggressive in growth. 194 00:15:10,510 --> 00:15:14,614 October 6, 2006 was a Friday, he worked all week, 195 00:15:16,183 --> 00:15:19,552 the next day, mom woke up and the alarm was still going off, 196 00:15:19,586 --> 00:15:21,754 and he just never woke up. 197 00:15:26,193 --> 00:15:27,594 And we go to the church 198 00:15:27,627 --> 00:15:29,662 and we start talking, 199 00:15:29,696 --> 00:15:31,931 and at that moment in time, 200 00:15:33,066 --> 00:15:35,735 I realized there was actually six neighbors, 201 00:15:35,768 --> 00:15:39,939 who had brain tumors, that live in about a 10 house span. 202 00:15:44,244 --> 00:15:45,612 There was a little girl 203 00:15:45,645 --> 00:15:48,815 that was one of my brother's friend's daughters. 204 00:15:48,848 --> 00:15:53,020 She was a toddler when they had found her brain tumor. 205 00:15:55,255 --> 00:15:56,923 And she passed away. 206 00:16:03,196 --> 00:16:05,832 The same contaminants that were in the sludge ponds 207 00:16:05,865 --> 00:16:08,601 was what they found in our water. 208 00:16:09,502 --> 00:16:12,005 Barium, nickel, arsenic, lead. 209 00:16:15,175 --> 00:16:16,776 I apologize, I can't remember all the 210 00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:17,610 - [Voiceover] That's all right. 211 00:16:17,644 --> 00:16:19,579 - All of the chemicals. 212 00:16:34,761 --> 00:16:37,464 - This is the headwaters of the water 213 00:16:37,497 --> 00:16:40,100 throughout the eastern United States. 214 00:16:40,133 --> 00:16:42,102 This is everybody's drinking water, 215 00:16:42,135 --> 00:16:44,804 this isn't just my surface water and drinking water, 216 00:16:44,837 --> 00:16:46,506 this is everybody's. 217 00:16:53,180 --> 00:16:57,317 - They just really didn't like what was coming out 218 00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:58,351 of the work. 219 00:17:00,019 --> 00:17:03,156 So, they directed us to stop doing it. 220 00:17:04,324 --> 00:17:06,593 We were told, "Well, you can pick your battles 221 00:17:06,626 --> 00:17:10,297 "and this is not a battle you're gonna win." 222 00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:15,602 - [Voiceover] The destruction and pollution caused by coal 223 00:17:15,635 --> 00:17:19,806 guarantee that no other industry will locate in the region, 224 00:17:21,241 --> 00:17:25,011 making the people here a captive labor force. 225 00:17:26,379 --> 00:17:30,049 As a result, the coal mining counties of Appalachia 226 00:17:30,083 --> 00:17:33,686 are the poorest areas in the United States. 227 00:17:35,122 --> 00:17:37,100 - Our first instinct is, "We've gotta get the kids, 228 00:17:37,124 --> 00:17:39,326 "we gotta get them outta here," 229 00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:43,530 but who's gonna buy a house with contaminated water? 230 00:17:45,998 --> 00:17:48,635 - Coal contributes to four out of the five 231 00:17:48,668 --> 00:17:52,705 leading causes of death in the United States. 232 00:17:52,739 --> 00:17:54,241 Just the soot, 233 00:17:54,274 --> 00:17:56,743 that particulate matter coming from coal plants, 234 00:17:56,776 --> 00:18:00,413 kills more than 10,000 Americans every year. 235 00:18:12,559 --> 00:18:15,562 (futuristic melody) 236 00:18:19,532 --> 00:18:23,703 - [Voiceover] At night, modern Shanghai is spectacular, 237 00:18:28,074 --> 00:18:31,043 but every morning hundreds of barges 238 00:18:31,077 --> 00:18:35,248 sail past the skyscrapers carrying coal to power plants. 239 00:18:39,919 --> 00:18:43,190 Coal supplies most of China's energy 240 00:18:43,223 --> 00:18:44,657 and China burns as much of it 241 00:18:44,691 --> 00:18:48,861 as the rest of the world combined, making China 242 00:18:48,895 --> 00:18:52,899 the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. 243 00:18:55,335 --> 00:18:58,438 All over the world, including in the United States, 244 00:18:58,471 --> 00:19:01,908 coal mining is an extremely hazardous job, 245 00:19:03,376 --> 00:19:05,978 but no place compares to China. 246 00:19:08,615 --> 00:19:13,186 Chinese coal mining employs three million people, 247 00:19:13,220 --> 00:19:15,154 it is politically powerful, 248 00:19:15,188 --> 00:19:18,191 corrupt, and horrifically dangerous. 249 00:19:23,263 --> 00:19:25,164 Over the last 30 years, 250 00:19:25,198 --> 00:19:29,101 at least 200,000 miners have been killed 251 00:19:29,135 --> 00:19:30,703 and hundreds of thousands more 252 00:19:30,737 --> 00:19:34,073 maimed and crippled in mining accidents. 253 00:19:45,452 --> 00:19:49,121 You are watching the end of this man's life. 254 00:19:50,056 --> 00:19:51,891 Minutes after this was filmed, 255 00:19:51,924 --> 00:19:54,594 the mine collapsed, killing him. 256 00:19:59,732 --> 00:20:01,668 Like most mining deaths, 257 00:20:01,701 --> 00:20:04,937 this one was never officially reported. 258 00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:46,413 - [Voiceover] Black lung is a disease caused 259 00:20:46,446 --> 00:20:48,348 by breathing coal dust. 260 00:20:49,782 --> 00:20:52,652 None of these workers have protective equipment 261 00:20:52,685 --> 00:20:56,789 and as a result, many will die from this disease. 262 00:21:08,234 --> 00:21:10,437 - [Voiceover] An estimated one million Chinese 263 00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:13,039 have already died of black lung 264 00:21:14,507 --> 00:21:18,345 and up to 10 million currently suffer from it. 265 00:21:53,446 --> 00:21:57,049 (sorrowful melody) 266 00:21:57,083 --> 00:21:59,919 - [Voiceover] This is not a beach, 267 00:22:01,087 --> 00:22:03,523 it is an enormous coal ash field. 268 00:22:05,958 --> 00:22:10,797 Every year, Chinese coal plants produce 500 million tons 269 00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:12,832 of this hazardous waste. 270 00:22:16,469 --> 00:22:18,571 It contains mercury, 271 00:22:18,605 --> 00:22:21,841 arsenic, and over a dozen heavy metals. 272 00:22:38,625 --> 00:22:40,593 - [Voiceover] Because of its reliance on coal 273 00:22:40,627 --> 00:22:42,629 and heavy industry, 274 00:22:42,662 --> 00:22:45,432 over a third of China's lakes, 275 00:22:45,465 --> 00:22:50,136 half of its rivers, and 80% of its urban groundwater 276 00:22:50,169 --> 00:22:51,571 are now polluted. 277 00:22:56,509 --> 00:23:01,047 The smog from burning coal covers many Chinese cities 278 00:23:01,080 --> 00:23:05,251 and causes illnesses ranging from asthma to cancer. 279 00:23:11,023 --> 00:23:14,661 In northern China, just breathing the air 280 00:23:14,694 --> 00:23:17,864 reduces life expectancy by five years. 281 00:23:21,033 --> 00:23:23,703 India is now on the same path 282 00:23:23,736 --> 00:23:27,339 with air pollution even worse than China's. 283 00:23:28,875 --> 00:23:30,409 - I see coal India production 284 00:23:30,443 --> 00:23:32,344 doubling in the next five years. 285 00:23:32,378 --> 00:23:35,782 It makes about 500 million tons hopefully this year, 286 00:23:35,815 --> 00:23:39,251 we do a billion tons in 2019, as our effort, 287 00:23:39,285 --> 00:23:42,955 and we are working systematically to a plan. 288 00:23:44,624 --> 00:23:47,293 - [Voiceover] Our dependence on coal for electricity 289 00:23:47,326 --> 00:23:50,396 is destroying millions of lives 290 00:23:50,429 --> 00:23:52,932 and coal is the number one contributor 291 00:23:52,965 --> 00:23:55,034 to global climate change, 292 00:23:56,969 --> 00:24:00,973 but we don't need to follow this path any longer. 293 00:24:07,714 --> 00:24:09,558 - [Voiceover] How many people are killed every year 294 00:24:09,582 --> 00:24:10,850 in your company in the process 295 00:24:10,883 --> 00:24:13,886 of manufacturing your wind turbines? 296 00:24:14,887 --> 00:24:18,825 (speaking in foreign language) 297 00:24:20,459 --> 00:24:23,229 (hopeful melody) 298 00:25:13,546 --> 00:25:16,382 - Phenomenal things are happening. 299 00:25:18,551 --> 00:25:21,854 The cost of renewable energy is plummeting. 300 00:25:21,888 --> 00:25:25,024 Technology's developing much faster than I thought 301 00:25:25,057 --> 00:25:27,326 and price is coming down much faster than I thought, 302 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:29,395 the price of solar, the price of batteries, 303 00:25:29,428 --> 00:25:31,430 smart technologies. 304 00:25:31,463 --> 00:25:34,433 Ultimately, it will be the low cost option 305 00:25:34,466 --> 00:25:35,968 and it feels free. 306 00:25:39,438 --> 00:25:42,008 - If you plot a graph of prices 307 00:25:43,442 --> 00:25:47,546 of different ways of making electricity non-renewably, 308 00:25:47,580 --> 00:25:50,449 there's this curve that comes down from heaven 309 00:25:50,482 --> 00:25:54,654 and climbs on your head and that's solar and wind power, 310 00:25:55,788 --> 00:25:57,590 those costs are dropping rapidly 311 00:25:57,624 --> 00:26:01,293 whereas the other costs are tending to go up. 312 00:26:06,532 --> 00:26:08,400 - [Voiceover] A new nuclear power plant 313 00:26:08,434 --> 00:26:12,605 can produce electricity for 10 to 20 cents a kilowatt hour, 314 00:26:15,107 --> 00:26:18,444 a new coal power plant is in the six, eight, 315 00:26:18,477 --> 00:26:21,580 possibly 10 cents a kilowatt hour range, 316 00:26:21,614 --> 00:26:23,449 depending on where you are, 317 00:26:23,482 --> 00:26:26,919 a combined-cycle gas plant is in the five, six, 318 00:26:26,953 --> 00:26:29,989 seven cent a kilowatt hour range, 319 00:26:30,022 --> 00:26:32,591 for a new solar power plant, 320 00:26:32,625 --> 00:26:35,361 the unsubsidized cost in the world 321 00:26:35,394 --> 00:26:38,497 are just over five cents a kilowatt hour, 322 00:26:38,530 --> 00:26:41,367 the average new wind power contract 323 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,870 was four cents a kilowatt hour. 324 00:26:43,903 --> 00:26:48,574 Wind energy contracts are being signed in Oklahoma 325 00:26:48,607 --> 00:26:51,043 for less than three cents a kilowatt hour, 326 00:26:51,077 --> 00:26:54,380 you cannot build and generate electricity 327 00:26:54,413 --> 00:26:58,450 from any other source in this country cheaper than that, 328 00:26:58,484 --> 00:27:01,754 nothing else can touch that price. 329 00:27:01,788 --> 00:27:05,892 - By about 2017 in about 80% of the world, 330 00:27:05,925 --> 00:27:09,762 renewables will be competitive against grid power. 331 00:27:09,796 --> 00:27:11,297 Anybody who doesn't understand this 332 00:27:11,330 --> 00:27:14,333 is not paying attention to the data. 333 00:27:24,811 --> 00:27:29,248 - We've doubled every year for the last eight years. 334 00:27:29,281 --> 00:27:33,352 We investing into a massive scale grid integration 335 00:27:33,385 --> 00:27:36,388 where every home has a solar system. 336 00:27:41,460 --> 00:27:43,495 We deploying solar storage in California, 337 00:27:43,529 --> 00:27:46,032 piloting the testing on it to see how it goes, 338 00:27:46,065 --> 00:27:49,035 and then Tesla is investing into 339 00:27:49,068 --> 00:27:52,271 large scale storage to reduce the cost. 340 00:27:52,304 --> 00:27:55,574 At some point, solar storage will be combined 341 00:27:55,607 --> 00:27:58,711 with every single system we deploy. 342 00:27:58,745 --> 00:28:01,047 If you had the solution that I'm describing, 343 00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:03,215 you'll be able to produce energy for your home, 344 00:28:03,249 --> 00:28:07,854 store it in the battery in the day and consume it at night. 345 00:28:07,887 --> 00:28:10,757 The solar industry creates local jobs. 346 00:28:10,790 --> 00:28:13,125 You actually have to go to somebody's house 347 00:28:13,159 --> 00:28:16,295 and install the solar systems. 348 00:28:16,328 --> 00:28:18,965 We take away all the complexity, 349 00:28:18,998 --> 00:28:21,433 so the equipment's free, installation's free, 350 00:28:21,467 --> 00:28:22,969 we deal with the permits, 351 00:28:23,002 --> 00:28:26,939 what you pay for is essentially the electricity. 352 00:28:26,973 --> 00:28:31,377 Average home will probably save about, in California, 353 00:28:31,410 --> 00:28:35,081 15 to 20 thousand dollars over the 20 year period. 354 00:28:35,114 --> 00:28:37,884 - Our company will be a multi-billion dollar business 355 00:28:37,917 --> 00:28:40,086 in just a few short years. 356 00:28:45,024 --> 00:28:46,793 We're talking about replacing or disrupting 357 00:28:46,826 --> 00:28:48,761 the electricity sector which is obviously 358 00:28:48,795 --> 00:28:50,562 a multi-trillion dollar sector. 359 00:28:50,596 --> 00:28:52,331 We've got a better machine, 360 00:28:52,364 --> 00:28:56,068 it does the trick, it produces electricity for less 361 00:28:56,102 --> 00:28:59,471 and without any of the social costs. 362 00:28:59,505 --> 00:29:00,916 - [Voiceover] Some of the world's largest 363 00:29:00,940 --> 00:29:03,042 and most profitable companies 364 00:29:03,075 --> 00:29:06,345 from Apple to Facebook to Google 365 00:29:06,378 --> 00:29:10,549 are converting their operations to renewable energy. 366 00:29:13,452 --> 00:29:16,222 - This is an enormous opportunity. 367 00:29:16,255 --> 00:29:21,027 By 2020, we would like to produce as much energy 368 00:29:21,060 --> 00:29:25,564 as the total group consumes from sustainable sources. 369 00:29:25,597 --> 00:29:26,732 It's in line with our vision 370 00:29:26,765 --> 00:29:28,334 and what the customer wants us to do, 371 00:29:28,367 --> 00:29:32,138 but it's also, at the end, a good investment. 372 00:29:37,543 --> 00:29:39,011 - You think you have a good handle 373 00:29:39,045 --> 00:29:41,713 on how fast something can be done and then you go to China, 374 00:29:41,747 --> 00:29:43,649 "What the hell did they do? 375 00:29:43,682 --> 00:29:45,617 "How did they do that?" 376 00:29:50,823 --> 00:29:52,058 In the last few years, 377 00:29:52,091 --> 00:29:55,061 China increased its electric generation 378 00:29:55,094 --> 00:29:56,762 more from renewables 379 00:29:58,164 --> 00:30:01,901 than from all fossil and nuclear plants put together. 380 00:30:56,522 --> 00:30:59,992 - The more you build renewables, the less they cost. 381 00:31:00,026 --> 00:31:01,860 The less they cost, the more you build, 382 00:31:01,894 --> 00:31:04,096 the more you build, the less they cost. 383 00:31:04,130 --> 00:31:06,632 This is a self-reinforcing process 384 00:31:06,665 --> 00:31:10,836 just like with microchips or consumer electronics. 385 00:31:13,305 --> 00:31:15,641 In the case of wind power, 386 00:31:15,674 --> 00:31:19,745 we've great improved the aerodynamics of the blades. 387 00:31:19,778 --> 00:31:22,214 We're using better-power electronics 388 00:31:22,248 --> 00:31:24,150 and we're designing new kinds of wind machines 389 00:31:24,183 --> 00:31:27,219 that work very well even in lower wind speeds. 390 00:31:27,253 --> 00:31:28,854 All these things work together, 391 00:31:28,887 --> 00:31:31,257 so wind machines become 392 00:31:31,290 --> 00:31:34,893 cheaper and they become more productive. 393 00:31:34,927 --> 00:31:36,528 You can start mass producing 394 00:31:36,562 --> 00:31:38,998 what used to be a handicraft. 395 00:31:52,611 --> 00:31:56,315 (speaking foreign language) 396 00:32:24,010 --> 00:32:25,544 - The whole energy infrastructure 397 00:32:25,577 --> 00:32:28,614 is going to change over the next 50 years. 398 00:32:28,647 --> 00:32:30,049 Solar and wind, 399 00:32:30,082 --> 00:32:32,884 that's gonna be our primary source of energy. 400 00:32:32,918 --> 00:32:34,553 - [Voiceover] In western Europe, 401 00:32:34,586 --> 00:32:38,257 the transformation has already begun. 402 00:32:38,290 --> 00:32:43,162 - Spain was 45% renewable electricity in 2013, 403 00:32:43,195 --> 00:32:44,696 Scotland 46%, 404 00:32:45,998 --> 00:32:48,200 Portugal 58%, 405 00:32:48,234 --> 00:32:51,003 and these are all growing rapidly. 406 00:32:51,037 --> 00:32:54,040 Denmark is headed for 100% 407 00:32:54,073 --> 00:32:56,508 renewable energy of all forms 408 00:32:57,843 --> 00:33:01,680 and they have the most reliable electricity in Europe. 409 00:33:10,022 --> 00:33:11,799 - [Voiceover] But there are over a billion people 410 00:33:11,823 --> 00:33:15,994 in the world who have never had electricity at all. 411 00:33:29,475 --> 00:33:31,877 - Basic access to electricity is critical 412 00:33:31,910 --> 00:33:33,445 for children's education, 413 00:33:33,479 --> 00:33:36,715 it's critical for safe cooking of food. 414 00:33:37,816 --> 00:33:41,320 It's central for basic things in life. 415 00:33:41,353 --> 00:33:43,021 The struggle to end global poverty 416 00:33:43,055 --> 00:33:45,224 and the struggle to avoid catastrophic climate change 417 00:33:45,257 --> 00:33:49,195 must be seen as two sides of the same coin. 418 00:33:49,228 --> 00:33:51,097 If we don't do one, 419 00:33:51,130 --> 00:33:54,633 we won't address the other and vice versa. 420 00:33:58,137 --> 00:34:00,739 - [Voiceover] Most of Kenya's 40 million people 421 00:34:00,772 --> 00:34:04,343 don't have access to conventional electricity. 422 00:34:04,376 --> 00:34:07,646 For them, solar power is revolutionary. 423 00:34:10,916 --> 00:34:13,652 - People can jump over the old infrastructure. 424 00:34:13,685 --> 00:34:15,954 Power generation is going mobile. 425 00:34:15,987 --> 00:34:17,723 It's gonna be on every rooftop. 426 00:34:17,756 --> 00:34:19,791 It's gonna be with a solar home system. 427 00:34:19,825 --> 00:34:22,394 (light melody) 428 00:34:24,630 --> 00:34:27,633 People don't have to buy upfront their own power generation, 429 00:34:27,666 --> 00:34:31,337 they can pay for it every single day in an affordable amount 430 00:34:31,370 --> 00:34:32,914 which is less than what they would spend 431 00:34:32,938 --> 00:34:36,108 for the alternative which is kerosene. 432 00:34:37,476 --> 00:34:39,087 At the end of one year that product becomes theirs 433 00:34:39,111 --> 00:34:42,114 and they're getting energy for free. 434 00:34:59,265 --> 00:35:01,200 When I sat down and start thinking 435 00:35:01,233 --> 00:35:03,969 of how much I using in a month for paraffin, 436 00:35:04,002 --> 00:35:06,505 it's much better to get this one, to get the solar, 437 00:35:06,538 --> 00:35:08,073 than to buy the paraffin. 438 00:35:08,106 --> 00:35:11,109 - We project over four years that these low-income customers 439 00:35:11,143 --> 00:35:15,013 will save over 750 US dollars per household 440 00:35:15,046 --> 00:35:17,383 and our ambition is to get to a million homes 441 00:35:17,416 --> 00:35:21,587 as fast as possible which we think we'll be doing by 2017. 442 00:36:11,470 --> 00:36:13,405 - 70% of the people in Bangladesh 443 00:36:13,439 --> 00:36:15,941 have no access to electricity. 444 00:36:24,250 --> 00:36:26,518 So, we thought, "Now, this is an opportunity, 445 00:36:26,552 --> 00:36:28,587 "starting with clean energy," 446 00:36:28,620 --> 00:36:32,624 so we created a company called Grameen Energy 447 00:36:32,658 --> 00:36:35,026 to bring solar energy in the villages. 448 00:36:35,060 --> 00:36:38,897 So, in 10 years later, we are the largest off grid 449 00:36:38,930 --> 00:36:41,600 solar system in the whole world. 450 00:36:46,204 --> 00:36:47,739 And we have reached already 451 00:36:47,773 --> 00:36:51,243 one and a half million households in Bangladesh. 452 00:36:51,277 --> 00:36:52,687 - [Voiceover] So, you've already reached 10% 453 00:36:52,711 --> 00:36:54,012 of the households in Bangladesh? 454 00:36:54,045 --> 00:36:55,681 - Almost, yeah, exactly. 455 00:36:55,714 --> 00:36:58,817 It took us 17 years to come to one and a half million, 456 00:36:58,850 --> 00:37:00,552 it will take less than three years 457 00:37:00,586 --> 00:37:02,921 to make the next one and a half million. 458 00:37:02,954 --> 00:37:04,632 Whether it's in India, whether it's in Africa, 459 00:37:04,656 --> 00:37:06,325 or whether it's in Latin America, 460 00:37:06,358 --> 00:37:08,794 this is available to anybody. 461 00:37:16,435 --> 00:37:18,970 - If renewables are cost-competitive already, 462 00:37:19,004 --> 00:37:21,239 they're growing very rapidly, 463 00:37:21,273 --> 00:37:24,943 then why do we have to worry about the climate problem? 464 00:37:24,976 --> 00:37:27,513 I don't think that Exxon 465 00:37:27,546 --> 00:37:29,715 or Chevron or Peabody Coal 466 00:37:31,182 --> 00:37:34,152 is going to say, "There's a better technology, 467 00:37:34,185 --> 00:37:37,889 "I guess we lost, you get 'em solar industry, 468 00:37:37,923 --> 00:37:40,058 "we had a good run." 469 00:37:40,091 --> 00:37:42,894 If we wanna prevent runaway climate change, 470 00:37:42,928 --> 00:37:45,130 we can only burn about a third 471 00:37:45,163 --> 00:37:49,335 out of the fossil fuel reserves that we already know exists. 472 00:37:49,368 --> 00:37:53,104 In 2013, the energy industry invested 473 00:37:53,138 --> 00:37:57,309 650 billion, billion with a B, dollars in exploration 474 00:38:00,346 --> 00:38:02,381 to identify new reserves. 475 00:38:02,414 --> 00:38:05,417 (foreboding melody) 476 00:38:09,220 --> 00:38:10,822 - Now, I really believe that 477 00:38:10,856 --> 00:38:13,325 the climate is changing naturally 478 00:38:13,359 --> 00:38:15,527 and that the temperature for the last 479 00:38:15,561 --> 00:38:17,663 eight or nine years has been cooling, 480 00:38:17,696 --> 00:38:20,031 and that the Arctic ice has been increasing, 481 00:38:20,065 --> 00:38:21,943 and that there's a great deal of misunderstanding 482 00:38:21,967 --> 00:38:23,902 out there about climate change. 483 00:38:23,935 --> 00:38:28,006 - Most of the the coal industry has acted very analogous 484 00:38:28,039 --> 00:38:32,010 to the tobacco industry when scientific evidence 485 00:38:32,043 --> 00:38:34,380 was coming out that cigarette smoking 486 00:38:34,413 --> 00:38:37,583 is extremely hazardous to your health. 487 00:38:46,925 --> 00:38:48,594 - The assertion that 488 00:38:49,995 --> 00:38:52,263 global warming is occurring today 489 00:38:52,297 --> 00:38:54,466 and it's occurring because of the release 490 00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,437 of CO2 and anthropogenic gases, methane and such as that, 491 00:38:58,470 --> 00:39:00,038 it's really a hoax. 492 00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:03,918 I really believe it's the greatest hoax ever 493 00:39:03,942 --> 00:39:06,878 perpetrated on the American people. 494 00:39:10,749 --> 00:39:13,785 - [Voiceover] We have to take on the richest companies, 495 00:39:13,819 --> 00:39:17,423 the richest industries, and the richest individuals, 496 00:39:17,456 --> 00:39:20,559 in the history of the world. 497 00:39:20,592 --> 00:39:23,395 - So, I'm not disputing that 498 00:39:23,429 --> 00:39:25,564 increase in CO2 emissions in the atmosphere 499 00:39:25,597 --> 00:39:28,066 is going to have an impact, it'll have a warming impact. 500 00:39:28,099 --> 00:39:32,538 Now, I think there are much more pressing priorities 501 00:39:32,571 --> 00:39:36,742 that we as a human being race and society need to deal with. 502 00:39:56,662 --> 00:39:59,030 - What makes this more criminal than anything else 503 00:39:59,064 --> 00:40:01,900 is that we have viable economic alternatives 504 00:40:01,933 --> 00:40:03,502 that are available today. 505 00:40:03,535 --> 00:40:06,071 - We are travelling in the right direction, 506 00:40:06,104 --> 00:40:08,273 the difficulty that we have is 507 00:40:08,306 --> 00:40:11,376 we do have a clock in front of us. 508 00:40:11,409 --> 00:40:12,687 - [Voiceover] And do you think that we'll do this 509 00:40:12,711 --> 00:40:15,380 fast enough to deal with the climate problem? 510 00:40:15,413 --> 00:40:17,516 - We have no choice, yes. 511 00:40:21,019 --> 00:40:23,689 (gentle melody) 512 00:40:28,393 --> 00:40:31,029 - [Voiceover] Once we have clean electricity, 513 00:40:31,062 --> 00:40:34,032 we can begin to electrify many processes 514 00:40:34,065 --> 00:40:37,168 from steel-making to heating 515 00:40:37,202 --> 00:40:39,705 that now require fossil fuels. 516 00:40:41,372 --> 00:40:43,942 And by electrifying transportation, 517 00:40:43,975 --> 00:40:46,645 we can end our dependence on oil 518 00:40:47,746 --> 00:40:49,681 which will solve many problems 519 00:40:49,715 --> 00:40:52,217 in addition to climate change. 520 00:41:13,404 --> 00:41:16,407 This is the floating city of Makoko. 521 00:41:18,409 --> 00:41:22,113 Over 100,000 people live here without government, 522 00:41:22,147 --> 00:41:24,415 sanitation, or electricity. 523 00:41:53,912 --> 00:41:55,380 - You can look around the world 524 00:41:55,413 --> 00:41:59,450 at countries with a heavy reliance on natural resources 525 00:42:00,586 --> 00:42:03,555 and you can see lagging developing, 526 00:42:03,589 --> 00:42:06,758 high levels of inequality, authoritarian rule, 527 00:42:06,792 --> 00:42:09,795 massive corruption on a grand scale. 528 00:42:11,396 --> 00:42:14,900 Nigeria became a centralized petrol state, 529 00:42:16,334 --> 00:42:20,739 a country in which more than 85% of government revenues 530 00:42:20,772 --> 00:42:23,108 were dominated by crude oil. 531 00:42:26,177 --> 00:42:29,080 Texaco, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, 532 00:42:30,348 --> 00:42:34,452 British Petroleum, and other major companies, 533 00:42:34,485 --> 00:42:36,855 all went into one area, 534 00:42:36,888 --> 00:42:39,157 and that is known as the Niger Delta. 535 00:42:39,190 --> 00:42:41,760 (tribal music) 536 00:43:17,228 --> 00:43:18,973 - [Voiceover] What was the nature of the relationship 537 00:43:18,997 --> 00:43:23,168 between the oil companies and the Nigerian government? 538 00:43:30,608 --> 00:43:32,277 - [Voiceover] Nigeria's economy was marked 539 00:43:32,310 --> 00:43:34,479 by grand corruption. 540 00:43:34,512 --> 00:43:36,948 Huge sums of the oil revenues 541 00:43:38,516 --> 00:43:40,451 that should've been used for investment 542 00:43:40,485 --> 00:43:44,956 in Nigeria and its people have simply gone out the door 543 00:43:44,990 --> 00:43:48,559 to line the pockets of private individuals. 544 00:43:59,437 --> 00:44:03,408 Nigeria's now the largest economy in Africa 545 00:44:03,441 --> 00:44:07,612 and yet most Nigerians are living at or below a $1.25 a day. 546 00:44:11,549 --> 00:44:13,719 You have very low employment, 547 00:44:13,752 --> 00:44:16,554 no more than 30,000 Nigerians are employed 548 00:44:16,587 --> 00:44:20,391 in the oil and gas sector even today. 549 00:44:20,425 --> 00:44:23,261 So, it's a deeply unequal society. 550 00:44:24,662 --> 00:44:26,064 And consequently, 551 00:44:27,565 --> 00:44:31,770 very unstable in terms of social violence, insurgency, 552 00:44:34,439 --> 00:44:38,609 and the environmental devastation of the Niger Delta 553 00:44:39,745 --> 00:44:40,745 is massive. 554 00:44:57,863 --> 00:45:02,267 - Thousands of miles of pipeline and oil infrastructure, 555 00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:06,071 essentially the plumbing of the oil industry. 556 00:45:08,373 --> 00:45:11,542 Underwater, in the swamps, up the creeks, 557 00:45:11,576 --> 00:45:14,312 there are daily spills, leakages, 558 00:45:15,914 --> 00:45:20,251 which have fouled creeks, rivers, and soil, 559 00:45:20,285 --> 00:45:24,289 and Exxon Valdez, a year in terms of oil spills. 560 00:45:57,989 --> 00:46:00,325 For years and years, 561 00:46:00,358 --> 00:46:03,328 every day, 24 hours of the day, 562 00:46:03,361 --> 00:46:06,097 gas was being flagged in Nigeria. 563 00:46:25,917 --> 00:46:29,487 - [Voiceover] To this day, the sky is orange 564 00:46:29,520 --> 00:46:31,857 at midnight from gas flames. 565 00:46:57,148 --> 00:46:59,985 (pressing melody) 566 00:47:59,978 --> 00:48:03,714 - [Voiceover] Around the world, in Saudi Arabia, 567 00:48:03,748 --> 00:48:06,317 Iran, Iraq, Russia, and Africa, 568 00:48:08,920 --> 00:48:12,757 oil fosters corruption, dictatorship, and war. 569 00:48:17,128 --> 00:48:19,664 The world would be a much better place 570 00:48:19,697 --> 00:48:22,200 if we didn't need oil anymore. 571 00:48:25,803 --> 00:48:27,405 And soon, we won't. 572 00:48:29,707 --> 00:48:33,611 Hybrid vehicles, which have a rapidly growing market share, 573 00:48:33,644 --> 00:48:37,315 are the first step in a profound revolution. 574 00:48:40,651 --> 00:48:44,822 Electric vehicles don't pollute or emit greenhouse gases. 575 00:48:46,457 --> 00:48:49,627 They are silent, easier to maintain, 576 00:48:49,660 --> 00:48:51,997 and less expensive to drive. 577 00:48:53,598 --> 00:48:57,602 Gasoline costs five times more than the electricity required 578 00:48:57,635 --> 00:49:01,906 to drive an electric car the same distance. 579 00:49:01,939 --> 00:49:03,741 - [Voiceover] Electric cars get cheaper 580 00:49:03,774 --> 00:49:08,379 and better all the time, the motors, the power electronics, 581 00:49:08,413 --> 00:49:12,050 the computers that control the thing, 582 00:49:12,083 --> 00:49:16,254 and especially batteries which were the expensive part. 583 00:49:18,123 --> 00:49:20,525 - [Voiceover] The limiting factor in making electric cars 584 00:49:20,558 --> 00:49:24,195 as practical and affordable as conventional cars 585 00:49:24,229 --> 00:49:26,131 has been the batteries. 586 00:49:27,532 --> 00:49:30,135 - The price of batters over the last five years, 587 00:49:30,168 --> 00:49:32,303 they drop in half. 588 00:49:32,337 --> 00:49:34,805 They're expected to drop in half again 589 00:49:34,839 --> 00:49:36,574 in the same period of time 590 00:49:36,607 --> 00:49:38,843 without any radical breakthrough 591 00:49:38,876 --> 00:49:41,312 just a slow steady increment. 592 00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:43,824 Now, if you drop to one-third, one-quarter 593 00:49:43,848 --> 00:49:45,283 of what it is today, 594 00:49:45,316 --> 00:49:49,187 you can get a 300-250 mile range car for $25,000, 595 00:49:50,621 --> 00:49:54,859 competitive at the get-go, much cheaper to operate, 596 00:49:54,892 --> 00:49:57,895 fundamentally a much better vehicle. 597 00:50:00,531 --> 00:50:05,370 - [Voiceover] Between 2009 and 2015, sales of electric cars 598 00:50:05,403 --> 00:50:07,905 around the world rose tenfold. 599 00:50:09,540 --> 00:50:11,909 Electric cars will be broadly competitive 600 00:50:11,942 --> 00:50:14,445 with conventional cars by 2025 601 00:50:16,381 --> 00:50:18,916 and they have another advantage. 602 00:50:18,949 --> 00:50:20,551 - Should I put it in Sport Insane Mode? 603 00:50:20,585 --> 00:50:24,589 (woman screaming in excitement) 604 00:50:29,827 --> 00:50:32,663 - [Voiceover] They're really cool. 605 00:50:34,699 --> 00:50:37,435 But we have a long way to go. 606 00:50:37,468 --> 00:50:39,604 Without stronger government support, 607 00:50:39,637 --> 00:50:43,808 it will take decades to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles. 608 00:50:45,176 --> 00:50:46,444 In the meantime, 609 00:50:46,477 --> 00:50:50,915 there's another way to reduce oil consumption. 610 00:50:50,948 --> 00:50:53,484 Urban design can make a huge difference 611 00:50:53,518 --> 00:50:57,688 in how much driving we do and how much energy we use. 612 00:50:59,090 --> 00:51:00,634 - Right now, everybody's thinking about climate change, 613 00:51:00,658 --> 00:51:04,061 it's the big problem that we have to solve 614 00:51:04,095 --> 00:51:06,131 and we do, absolutely, 615 00:51:06,164 --> 00:51:08,799 and it needs more attention than it's getting, 616 00:51:08,833 --> 00:51:10,968 but we also have to see it in concert 617 00:51:11,001 --> 00:51:13,471 with all the other benefits that you get 618 00:51:13,504 --> 00:51:15,806 when you address it. 619 00:51:15,840 --> 00:51:20,010 The energy the planet needs is defined by how we live. 620 00:51:22,213 --> 00:51:25,216 It's not just about getting a more energy-efficient car, 621 00:51:25,250 --> 00:51:27,518 it's about using cars less. 622 00:51:29,320 --> 00:51:30,788 We're gonna be building cities 623 00:51:30,821 --> 00:51:34,759 for about two to three billion people between now and 2050, 624 00:51:36,627 --> 00:51:38,529 we better get it right. 625 00:51:40,131 --> 00:51:43,067 - [Voiceover] Many of those cities will be in China 626 00:51:43,100 --> 00:51:44,935 whose urban design has followed 627 00:51:44,969 --> 00:51:47,705 a pattern of freeways and sprawl. 628 00:51:48,939 --> 00:51:50,608 - In China, they're building 629 00:51:50,641 --> 00:51:53,144 what I call high-density sprawl, 630 00:51:53,178 --> 00:51:55,346 it's the same as our American suburb, 631 00:51:55,380 --> 00:51:59,450 but instead of two stories, it's 10 stories. 632 00:51:59,484 --> 00:52:01,118 A tower isolated from street 633 00:52:01,152 --> 00:52:05,523 and street has been completely given over to cars. 634 00:52:05,556 --> 00:52:08,526 Way across town are jobs in a factory 635 00:52:08,559 --> 00:52:10,895 or in an office building, 636 00:52:10,928 --> 00:52:13,164 and they have built a physical environment 637 00:52:13,198 --> 00:52:14,765 that needs the car. 638 00:52:16,033 --> 00:52:17,635 Take Beijing, today. 639 00:52:17,668 --> 00:52:22,640 You have a city with only 30% of the population owning cars 640 00:52:22,673 --> 00:52:25,843 in complete gridlock, they can't move. 641 00:52:27,011 --> 00:52:30,281 China is building cities for 350 million people 642 00:52:30,315 --> 00:52:31,782 over the next 20 years, 643 00:52:31,816 --> 00:52:33,218 that's the same as building 644 00:52:33,251 --> 00:52:36,020 the United States all over again. 645 00:52:37,488 --> 00:52:40,791 If they get that wrong, we're all kind of doomed 646 00:52:40,825 --> 00:52:42,059 to tell you the truth 647 00:52:42,092 --> 00:52:45,296 because if those urban forms cause pollution 648 00:52:45,330 --> 00:52:47,898 and demand more and more energy, 649 00:52:47,932 --> 00:52:50,935 I don't think that we're gonna be able to solve 650 00:52:50,968 --> 00:52:52,570 the carbon problem. 651 00:52:54,004 --> 00:52:55,440 The good news is 652 00:52:55,473 --> 00:52:59,277 they see the hole that they're digging themselves into 653 00:52:59,310 --> 00:53:00,878 and if they get it right, 654 00:53:00,911 --> 00:53:02,647 then they can become a role model 655 00:53:02,680 --> 00:53:05,416 for the rest of the developing world 656 00:53:05,450 --> 00:53:08,786 and it's fairly easy to get it right. 657 00:53:08,819 --> 00:53:11,489 (serene melody) 658 00:53:15,326 --> 00:53:16,927 (speaking in foreign language) 659 00:53:16,961 --> 00:53:19,830 Jaime Lerner was one of the greatest revolutionaries 660 00:53:19,864 --> 00:53:23,401 in urban design 'cause he was the first one to 661 00:53:23,434 --> 00:53:26,771 begin to shape a city around transit, 662 00:53:26,804 --> 00:53:30,975 dedicating streets to city life as oppose to cars. 663 00:53:43,020 --> 00:53:44,922 - [Voiceover] Jaime Lerner's policies 664 00:53:44,955 --> 00:53:48,293 controlled urban sprawl, expanded parks, 665 00:53:49,927 --> 00:53:54,098 and provided affordable and convenient public transit. 666 00:54:04,775 --> 00:54:08,112 - He invented the idea of bus rapid transit, 667 00:54:08,145 --> 00:54:11,048 treating a bus like it was a train. 668 00:54:55,693 --> 00:54:57,528 - [Voiceover] In central Amsterdam, 669 00:54:57,562 --> 00:55:00,197 most trips are made on bicycles. 670 00:55:04,034 --> 00:55:08,873 There are 18 million bicycles in the Netherlands. 671 00:55:08,906 --> 00:55:10,808 More bikes than people. 672 00:55:17,047 --> 00:55:20,485 - I define a good urban form very simply. 673 00:55:22,219 --> 00:55:23,821 Number one, it's human scale. 674 00:55:23,854 --> 00:55:27,925 The streets are narrow, intersections are easy to cross, 675 00:55:27,958 --> 00:55:30,294 cars are going slower, so there's better space 676 00:55:30,327 --> 00:55:32,497 for bikes and pedestrians, 677 00:55:34,298 --> 00:55:36,967 and along the way, you have all the social gathering places 678 00:55:37,001 --> 00:55:39,737 that make a city neighborhood exciting 679 00:55:39,770 --> 00:55:42,773 and interesting to live in. 680 00:55:42,807 --> 00:55:45,443 The best neighborhoods mix age groups 681 00:55:45,476 --> 00:55:48,245 and income groups and activities. 682 00:55:50,180 --> 00:55:52,650 The best neighborhoods have shops and jobs 683 00:55:52,683 --> 00:55:55,753 and park and school and libraries 684 00:55:55,786 --> 00:55:58,456 and has this all mixed together. 685 00:56:05,530 --> 00:56:06,764 When you start talking about 686 00:56:06,797 --> 00:56:10,901 the life that used to be part of a healthy city, 687 00:56:10,935 --> 00:56:14,271 everybody gets it and they want it back. 688 00:56:22,146 --> 00:56:25,416 Every crisis is an opportunity not to be lost. 689 00:56:25,450 --> 00:56:28,786 This is a crisis, but it's a huge opportunity 690 00:56:28,819 --> 00:56:32,256 'cause we can shift the way we build cities 691 00:56:32,289 --> 00:56:34,158 and we can shift the way we live 692 00:56:34,191 --> 00:56:36,393 into a much more positive outcome 693 00:56:36,427 --> 00:56:39,830 not just for climate, but for the planet, 694 00:56:41,098 --> 00:56:43,868 the economy, our social well-belng, 695 00:56:43,901 --> 00:56:46,170 and our health, everything. 696 00:56:51,542 --> 00:56:54,144 (rapid melody) 697 00:57:49,266 --> 00:57:53,704 - [Voiceover] These are northern muriqui monkeys. 698 00:57:53,738 --> 00:57:55,740 They are unique among primates 699 00:57:55,773 --> 00:57:57,508 because they live as equals 700 00:57:57,542 --> 00:58:00,277 without dominance or competition. 701 00:58:06,183 --> 00:58:10,821 - The muriquis are a completely different kind of primate 702 00:58:10,855 --> 00:58:14,458 from any others that we know anything about. 703 00:58:14,491 --> 00:58:17,394 They're peaceful, they associate with each other, 704 00:58:17,427 --> 00:58:20,064 there's no aggression the way you see 705 00:58:20,097 --> 00:58:24,134 or pecking order the way you see in most other animals. 706 00:58:24,168 --> 00:58:26,771 They provide this model of behavior 707 00:58:26,804 --> 00:58:29,306 that we sort of aspire toward. 708 00:58:32,710 --> 00:58:35,079 - [Voiceover] But these animals now face extinction. 709 00:58:35,112 --> 00:58:39,049 (sorrowful suspenseful melody) 710 00:58:42,653 --> 00:58:46,056 95% of their forest has been cut down 711 00:58:46,090 --> 00:58:48,158 and there are only a thousand of them 712 00:58:48,192 --> 00:58:50,294 left in the entire world. 713 00:58:54,965 --> 00:58:56,309 - [Voiceover] These animals could disappear 714 00:58:56,333 --> 00:58:57,735 in our lifetimes. 715 00:58:59,870 --> 00:59:01,639 I just find that 716 00:59:01,672 --> 00:59:03,207 really 717 00:59:03,240 --> 00:59:04,240 alarming. 718 00:59:12,950 --> 00:59:15,686 - [Voiceover] The muriquis are just one casualty 719 00:59:15,720 --> 00:59:19,890 of a vast process that is destroying whole ecosystems 720 00:59:21,225 --> 00:59:24,595 and is a major contributor to climate change. 721 00:59:28,165 --> 00:59:30,968 - It's the destruction of the forests 722 00:59:31,001 --> 00:59:33,804 particularly the rainforests and the boreal forests 723 00:59:33,838 --> 00:59:36,340 around the world that is responsible 724 00:59:36,373 --> 00:59:39,610 for such huge emissions of carbon dioxide 725 00:59:39,644 --> 00:59:41,545 into the atmosphere particularly 726 00:59:41,578 --> 00:59:44,915 when the forest are clearcut and burned. 727 00:59:47,251 --> 00:59:49,062 - [Voiceover] Most of these emissions are caused 728 00:59:49,086 --> 00:59:51,756 by the global industrial food system 729 00:59:51,789 --> 00:59:55,960 which originated in the United States after World War II. 730 00:59:59,764 --> 01:00:03,668 - Before World War II, most farms were diversified. 731 01:00:03,701 --> 01:00:06,804 On the same farm where you were growing grain or vegetables, 732 01:00:06,837 --> 01:00:09,506 you were also growing animals. 733 01:00:09,539 --> 01:00:11,275 The animals provided fertility 734 01:00:11,308 --> 01:00:13,443 in the form of their waste to the plants 735 01:00:13,477 --> 01:00:17,715 and the plants provided food for the animals. 736 01:00:17,748 --> 01:00:21,251 After World War II, there was an effort to 737 01:00:22,419 --> 01:00:24,722 convert some of the powerful technologies 738 01:00:24,755 --> 01:00:26,123 that had been developed 739 01:00:26,156 --> 01:00:28,592 as part of the war effort to peacetime uses. 740 01:00:28,625 --> 01:00:32,562 Ammonium nitrate is the main ingredient of munition bombs 741 01:00:32,596 --> 01:00:37,367 and it also is the same ingredient as fertilizer. 742 01:00:37,401 --> 01:00:41,806 In 1947, the big munitions plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama 743 01:00:41,839 --> 01:00:46,210 converted from making bombs to making fertilizer. 744 01:00:46,243 --> 01:00:50,748 Once you've got that seemingly inexhaustible source 745 01:00:50,781 --> 01:00:52,950 of nitrogen fertilizer, 746 01:00:52,983 --> 01:00:55,252 you don't need animals on your farm 747 01:00:55,285 --> 01:00:58,388 and you can move toward monoculture production 748 01:00:58,422 --> 01:01:01,692 that is to say all corn or all soybeans. 749 01:01:02,860 --> 01:01:06,563 This kind of agriculture is actively promoted 750 01:01:06,596 --> 01:01:09,566 and it becomes more profitable 751 01:01:09,599 --> 01:01:14,304 to feed animals on feed lots rather than on farms. 752 01:01:14,338 --> 01:01:15,973 The other important technology 753 01:01:16,006 --> 01:01:20,210 that came out of the war effort was pesticides. 754 01:01:20,244 --> 01:01:25,115 Many of our pesticides began their life as nerve gas 755 01:01:25,149 --> 01:01:26,817 that would kill people at a high dose 756 01:01:26,851 --> 01:01:29,720 and at a lower dose, you could kill insects with 757 01:01:29,754 --> 01:01:32,322 which was a convenient thing because 758 01:01:32,356 --> 01:01:35,926 monocultures have lots of pest problems, 759 01:01:35,960 --> 01:01:39,096 so you need a lot of chemicals. 760 01:01:39,129 --> 01:01:40,865 The secret ingredient of this whole system 761 01:01:40,898 --> 01:01:43,467 I've been describing is fossil fuel. 762 01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:46,636 Fossil fuel is what allows you to make pesticides, 763 01:01:46,670 --> 01:01:49,173 most of them are petrochemical pesticides. 764 01:01:49,206 --> 01:01:52,642 Fossil fuel is what allows you to make fertilizer 765 01:01:52,676 --> 01:01:55,579 which turns into nitrous oxide when it's exposed to oxygen 766 01:01:55,612 --> 01:01:59,784 which is a greenhouse gas 300 times more potent than carbon. 767 01:02:01,051 --> 01:02:02,262 - [Voiceover] In the short term, 768 01:02:02,286 --> 01:02:04,388 industrial food is less expensive 769 01:02:04,421 --> 01:02:07,792 because it's mass produced and automated. 770 01:02:07,825 --> 01:02:11,128 As a result, consumption of meat and processed food 771 01:02:11,161 --> 01:02:13,430 has increased dramatically. 772 01:02:15,665 --> 01:02:17,167 - Since the government encourages 773 01:02:17,201 --> 01:02:19,503 the growing of things like corn and soy, 774 01:02:19,536 --> 01:02:21,906 they are, in effect, subsidizing 775 01:02:21,939 --> 01:02:24,708 the building blocks of fast food. 776 01:02:24,741 --> 01:02:26,676 The corn becomes the cattle feed 777 01:02:26,710 --> 01:02:29,079 and the high fructose corn syrup and the sodas, 778 01:02:29,113 --> 01:02:30,647 and the soy becomes the oil 779 01:02:30,680 --> 01:02:33,818 in which most of the fast food gets fried. 780 01:02:33,851 --> 01:02:36,854 We are not supporting people trying to grow 781 01:02:36,887 --> 01:02:40,457 what are called specialty crops i.e real food. 782 01:02:40,490 --> 01:02:41,792 - In the United States, 783 01:02:41,826 --> 01:02:44,862 less than 4% total of farm acres 784 01:02:44,895 --> 01:02:49,466 are dedicated to either fruits or vegetables or tree nuts, 785 01:02:49,499 --> 01:02:51,401 it's a tiny proportion. 786 01:02:55,505 --> 01:03:00,410 - [Voiceover] This system has become unsustainable. 787 01:03:00,444 --> 01:03:02,512 It takes up to 10 times more land 788 01:03:02,546 --> 01:03:05,015 to feed ourselves with meat as it does 789 01:03:05,049 --> 01:03:08,252 to feed ourselves with plants. 790 01:03:08,285 --> 01:03:12,823 As a result, 30% of the Earth's land is now being used 791 01:03:12,857 --> 01:03:15,926 for the production of livestock, 792 01:03:15,960 --> 01:03:19,930 the giant lagoons that store their waste, 793 01:03:19,964 --> 01:03:23,733 and the vast areas needed to grow their food. 794 01:03:24,801 --> 01:03:26,904 - There are literally billions 795 01:03:26,937 --> 01:03:29,940 of animals being raised for food and 796 01:03:31,041 --> 01:03:33,243 huge areas of forest and woodland 797 01:03:33,277 --> 01:03:37,447 are cut down to grow the grain to feed the livestock. 798 01:03:41,618 --> 01:03:44,955 - [Voiceover] In the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, 799 01:03:44,989 --> 01:03:48,325 over 20,000 square miles have been deforested 800 01:03:48,358 --> 01:03:51,095 to grow soybeans for animal feed. 801 01:03:53,763 --> 01:03:56,466 - The most profitable driver of deforestation 802 01:03:56,500 --> 01:03:59,236 in Latin America is soybeans. 803 01:03:59,269 --> 01:04:00,704 If I'm a farmer in Mato Grosso, 804 01:04:00,737 --> 01:04:04,641 I can down forest and make five to seven hundred dollars 805 01:04:04,674 --> 01:04:07,577 every hectare every year of profit. 806 01:04:09,246 --> 01:04:11,048 - [Voiceover] Blairo Maggi and his brother 807 01:04:11,081 --> 01:04:13,450 became billionaires this way. 808 01:04:13,483 --> 01:04:18,088 They are now the two largest soy producers in the world. 809 01:04:18,122 --> 01:04:22,292 Most of their production is exported to China to feed pigs. 810 01:04:24,028 --> 01:04:27,965 (speaking in foreign language) 811 01:04:37,307 --> 01:04:39,643 - The Maggi family faced little resistance 812 01:04:39,676 --> 01:04:41,946 while destroying forests 813 01:04:41,979 --> 01:04:44,481 because between 2003 and 2010, 814 01:04:45,615 --> 01:04:49,186 the governor of Mato Grosso was Blairo Maggi. 815 01:04:50,820 --> 01:04:52,689 - He was the leader of the governors 816 01:04:52,722 --> 01:04:55,993 and he was kind of the spokesperson for the group, 817 01:04:56,026 --> 01:04:58,462 making the pressure on the present, 818 01:04:58,495 --> 01:05:00,931 very strong pressure on the present. 819 01:05:00,965 --> 01:05:02,566 - [Voiceover] While Maggi was governor, 820 01:05:02,599 --> 01:05:04,434 Mato Grosso accounted for half 821 01:05:04,468 --> 01:05:07,037 of all deforestation in Brazil. 822 01:05:15,079 --> 01:05:18,048 - [Voiceover] Now, deforestation has moved north 823 01:05:18,082 --> 01:05:19,349 into the Amazon 824 01:05:20,484 --> 01:05:22,419 which is endangering the water supply 825 01:05:22,452 --> 01:05:25,055 for tens of millions of people. 826 01:05:27,624 --> 01:05:31,028 - A forest generates its own rainfall. 827 01:05:31,061 --> 01:05:32,462 You can cut down a forest 828 01:05:32,496 --> 01:05:35,332 and what happens to the rainfall in that particular region? 829 01:05:35,365 --> 01:05:37,367 You cut down a vast area of forest 830 01:05:37,401 --> 01:05:40,437 and you're going to have global impact. 831 01:05:40,470 --> 01:05:43,507 - [Voiceover] Much of the water supply in southern Brazil 832 01:05:43,540 --> 01:05:46,910 depends on the forest to the north. 833 01:05:46,943 --> 01:05:49,113 As those forest disappear, 834 01:05:50,114 --> 01:05:51,615 so does the water. 835 01:05:56,586 --> 01:06:00,690 Since 2014, Brazil has experienced severe water shortages 836 01:06:01,858 --> 01:06:05,062 for the first time in its history. 837 01:06:05,095 --> 01:06:07,998 For Sao Paulo, a city of 20 million, 838 01:06:08,032 --> 01:06:10,100 this has become a crisis. 839 01:06:11,401 --> 01:06:14,404 - I would say that for the last two months, 840 01:06:14,438 --> 01:06:16,240 almost every day 841 01:06:16,273 --> 01:06:18,642 after 10pm 842 01:06:18,675 --> 01:06:20,444 and before 6am, 843 01:06:20,477 --> 01:06:24,881 there's no water, it's not raining on the top, 844 01:06:24,914 --> 01:06:29,086 there are place that they don't have water half of the week. 845 01:06:30,587 --> 01:06:33,990 We're seeing tensions between Sao Paulo and Rio De Janeiro 846 01:06:34,024 --> 01:06:37,494 because Rio needs the water to produce the energy, 847 01:06:37,527 --> 01:06:40,764 but Sao Paulo needs the water for the people, 848 01:06:40,797 --> 01:06:42,732 and they're fighting where to put the water 849 01:06:42,766 --> 01:06:44,301 like how to use the water, 850 01:06:44,334 --> 01:06:48,338 something that we couldn't imagine 10 years ago. 851 01:06:52,876 --> 01:06:57,047 - [Daniel] In 2013, deforestation came up 28% 852 01:06:58,148 --> 01:06:59,949 above the previous year. 853 01:06:59,983 --> 01:07:01,285 - [Voiceover] How come? 854 01:07:01,318 --> 01:07:04,488 - Soy is starting to run out of space. 855 01:07:15,099 --> 01:07:19,269 - Not only are these carbon dioxide emissions increasing 856 01:07:20,804 --> 01:07:23,440 as we destroy and burn the forest, 857 01:07:23,473 --> 01:07:26,443 but there's less forest left to absorb the CO2 858 01:07:26,476 --> 01:07:28,745 that we've put into the atmosphere 859 01:07:28,778 --> 01:07:32,349 from burning our fossil fuels and so forth. 860 01:07:34,084 --> 01:07:35,652 It's pretty shocking 861 01:07:35,685 --> 01:07:38,488 when you think of the vast destruction 862 01:07:38,522 --> 01:07:41,125 of the forest around the world. 863 01:07:43,227 --> 01:07:44,628 - [Voiceover] Nowhere in the world 864 01:07:44,661 --> 01:07:47,264 are the forest more valuable to the Earth's climate 865 01:07:47,297 --> 01:07:48,798 than in Indonesia. 866 01:07:51,067 --> 01:07:53,537 These peatlands store as much carbon 867 01:07:53,570 --> 01:07:57,073 as all the world's other forests combined. 868 01:07:59,709 --> 01:08:02,879 The Indonesian government owns these forest 869 01:08:02,912 --> 01:08:05,649 and has promised to protect them. 870 01:08:10,053 --> 01:08:12,489 Which is exactly the problem. 871 01:08:19,329 --> 01:08:22,065 - These deep peat layers, 10 meters deep or more, 872 01:08:22,098 --> 01:08:26,203 they sequester 10 times more carbon than Amazon forests 873 01:08:26,236 --> 01:08:29,239 and yet these have been drained and dried out 874 01:08:29,273 --> 01:08:32,041 and burned at a frightening pace. 875 01:08:33,543 --> 01:08:35,312 - Everything you are seeing was filmed 876 01:08:35,345 --> 01:08:37,947 covertly and illegally in 2014. 877 01:08:40,049 --> 01:08:43,187 In Indonesia, filming without a journalist visa 878 01:08:43,220 --> 01:08:46,390 is punishable by five years in prison. 879 01:08:48,625 --> 01:08:51,761 During Indonesia's annual burning season, 880 01:08:51,795 --> 01:08:56,533 thousands of illegal fires destroy vast areas of forest 881 01:08:56,566 --> 01:08:58,968 causing air pollution so severe 882 01:08:59,002 --> 01:09:02,439 that airports close for hundreds of miles. 883 01:09:05,675 --> 01:09:08,812 This deforestation makes Indonesia 884 01:09:08,845 --> 01:09:12,782 one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases 885 01:09:12,816 --> 01:09:16,052 along with China and the United States. 886 01:09:19,523 --> 01:09:23,693 Most of these forests are destroyed to plant oil palms, 887 01:09:24,861 --> 01:09:26,930 trees which make a great deal of money 888 01:09:26,963 --> 01:09:29,733 for a very small number of people 889 01:09:32,602 --> 01:09:35,004 because palm oil is used in everything 890 01:09:35,038 --> 01:09:38,775 from girl scout cookies to cleaning products. 891 01:09:40,710 --> 01:09:43,947 As a result, no other commodity 892 01:09:43,980 --> 01:09:47,417 has such a massive impact on our climate. 893 01:09:55,091 --> 01:09:56,602 - [Voiceover] When they clear these lands, 894 01:09:56,626 --> 01:10:00,430 they go down to bare soll, so everything that walked, 895 01:10:00,464 --> 01:10:04,133 grew, slid, or flew is dead, is annihilated. 896 01:10:11,107 --> 01:10:12,842 - [Voiceover] The island of Sumatra 897 01:10:12,876 --> 01:10:15,712 once contained 100,000 orangutans, 898 01:10:17,914 --> 01:10:19,849 less than 7,000 remain. 899 01:10:25,021 --> 01:10:28,992 When land is deforested for palm oil plantation, 900 01:10:29,025 --> 01:10:31,528 orangutans lose their habitat. 901 01:10:33,029 --> 01:10:34,898 When they attempt to return, 902 01:10:34,931 --> 01:10:37,501 the adults are shot and killed. 903 01:10:40,937 --> 01:10:45,108 But the babies clinging to them are sometimes rescued. 904 01:11:45,669 --> 01:11:47,003 The battle to save the orangutans 905 01:11:47,036 --> 01:11:49,005 is not just the battle to save the orangutans, 906 01:11:49,038 --> 01:11:50,507 it's a battle for climate change, 907 01:11:50,540 --> 01:11:52,075 it's a battle for everything, 908 01:11:52,108 --> 01:11:53,919 and all the other species that are in these forests, 909 01:11:53,943 --> 01:11:56,312 it's a battle for the long time economic development 910 01:11:56,346 --> 01:11:58,482 of the indigenous community 911 01:11:58,515 --> 01:12:02,619 versus the benefit for the bank accounts of the super rich. 912 01:12:05,389 --> 01:12:06,823 Local farmers are often evicted 913 01:12:06,856 --> 01:12:09,158 from their traditional lands. 914 01:12:09,192 --> 01:12:10,627 The river levels go down, 915 01:12:10,660 --> 01:12:13,129 the fishery which is the main protein supply 916 01:12:13,162 --> 01:12:16,800 for local communities is destroyed. 917 01:12:16,833 --> 01:12:18,568 - [Voiceover] Palm oil production has boomed 918 01:12:18,602 --> 01:12:22,205 over the last decade making these men billionaires. 919 01:12:22,238 --> 01:12:25,008 (ominous melody) 920 01:12:26,209 --> 01:12:27,844 It is highly profitable 921 01:12:27,877 --> 01:12:31,114 because illegal deforestation is cheap. 922 01:12:32,782 --> 01:12:34,117 And so is labor. 923 01:12:53,803 --> 01:12:57,707 (speaking in foreign language) 924 01:14:07,511 --> 01:14:09,212 - So, this is the irony, 925 01:14:09,245 --> 01:14:11,481 you cannot possibly argue that 926 01:14:11,515 --> 01:14:13,850 that kind of behavior is in the interest 927 01:14:13,883 --> 01:14:17,186 of any kind of economic development. 928 01:14:17,220 --> 01:14:19,255 It's purely in the interest of some guy 929 01:14:19,288 --> 01:14:22,592 whose already got a billion dollars in a Swiss bank account, 930 01:14:22,626 --> 01:14:24,393 everybody else loses. 931 01:14:26,930 --> 01:14:28,765 - [Voiceover] With regard to deforestation, 932 01:14:28,798 --> 01:14:31,801 has corruption been a major problem? 933 01:14:33,336 --> 01:14:34,571 - When it comes to corruption, 934 01:14:34,604 --> 01:14:38,207 it's something that we are not proud at all. 935 01:14:44,948 --> 01:14:47,016 Bribery, extortion money, 936 01:14:48,752 --> 01:14:51,521 it's something that can be easily 937 01:14:53,189 --> 01:14:54,791 observed happening. 938 01:15:05,535 --> 01:15:09,205 - [Voiceover] In 2002, public outrage lead to the creation 939 01:15:09,238 --> 01:15:13,643 of the Corruption Eradication Commission or KPK 940 01:15:13,677 --> 01:15:14,778 which rapidly became 941 01:15:14,811 --> 01:15:18,147 the most trusted institution in Indonesia 942 01:15:19,448 --> 01:15:21,951 and one of the only hopes for protecting 943 01:15:21,985 --> 01:15:23,987 the forests that remain. 944 01:15:26,823 --> 01:15:28,858 - [Voiceover] We're having this interview 945 01:15:28,892 --> 01:15:30,393 in October of 2014 946 01:15:31,895 --> 01:15:33,897 and just a few days ago, 947 01:15:35,264 --> 01:15:39,268 your investigators arrested the governor of Riau. 948 01:15:40,570 --> 01:15:41,570 - Yeah. 949 01:15:42,772 --> 01:15:44,608 - [Voiceover] For taking bribes 950 01:15:44,641 --> 01:15:48,111 from a very important palm oil industrialist. 951 01:15:48,144 --> 01:15:49,144 - Yeah. 952 01:16:04,293 --> 01:16:05,962 - [Voiceover] I see. 953 01:16:26,549 --> 01:16:27,984 - [Voiceover] I have been told 954 01:16:28,017 --> 01:16:32,188 the Indonesian parliament is also quite corrupt. 955 01:16:32,221 --> 01:16:33,221 - Yeah. 956 01:17:02,118 --> 01:17:04,520 - [Voiceover] Do you think that it will be necessary 957 01:17:04,553 --> 01:17:08,992 to prosecute extremely politically powerful people? 958 01:17:09,025 --> 01:17:10,159 - Yes. 959 01:17:10,193 --> 01:17:11,570 - [Voiceover] From very powerful families? 960 01:17:11,594 --> 01:17:12,594 - Yes. 961 01:17:17,533 --> 01:17:19,502 - [Voiceover] Shortly after this interview, 962 01:17:19,535 --> 01:17:23,039 the president of Indonesia nominated a corrupt general 963 01:17:23,072 --> 01:17:27,110 to head the already highly corrupt national police. 964 01:17:27,143 --> 01:17:29,245 The KPK prostested, 965 01:17:29,278 --> 01:17:32,749 forcing President Joko to withdraw the nomination, 966 01:17:32,782 --> 01:17:34,751 but the national police retaliated 967 01:17:34,784 --> 01:17:37,120 by arresting Bambang Widjojanto 968 01:17:37,153 --> 01:17:41,324 and KPK chairman Abraham Samad on fabricated charges. 969 01:17:43,592 --> 01:17:45,161 As we finish this film, 970 01:17:45,194 --> 01:17:47,964 their futures and that of Indonesia's forests 971 01:17:47,997 --> 01:17:49,565 remain in jeopardy. 972 01:17:54,771 --> 01:17:56,248 - [Voiceover] How can the global community 973 01:17:56,272 --> 01:18:00,844 rule out corruption, arrest this deforestation? 974 01:18:00,877 --> 01:18:04,147 It's proving enormously difficult to do. 975 01:18:04,180 --> 01:18:07,150 - We do what is called a brand attack. 976 01:18:07,183 --> 01:18:09,585 We go off to the consumers of 977 01:18:11,254 --> 01:18:12,856 the products of the company, 978 01:18:12,889 --> 01:18:15,391 "Do you know that when you buy 979 01:18:16,960 --> 01:18:19,963 "this chocolate or this soap or whatever, 980 01:18:19,996 --> 01:18:22,031 "you are contributing to the destruction 981 01:18:22,065 --> 01:18:23,632 "of the Sumatran rainforest 982 01:18:23,666 --> 01:18:26,035 "and are contributing to climate change?" 983 01:18:26,069 --> 01:18:30,239 - Companies realize that their customers care about forests. 984 01:18:39,015 --> 01:18:41,317 - [Voiceover] In addition to the products we buy, 985 01:18:41,350 --> 01:18:44,120 we can have an enormous impact on deforestation 986 01:18:44,153 --> 01:18:46,555 by changing our diet 987 01:18:46,589 --> 01:18:49,592 which would also benefit our health. 988 01:18:50,760 --> 01:18:52,237 - When we talk about feeding the world, 989 01:18:52,261 --> 01:18:55,564 we have to ask, "Feeding the world what?" 990 01:18:55,598 --> 01:18:57,566 If the world wants to eat meat 991 01:18:57,600 --> 01:18:59,068 the way we're eating meat now, 992 01:18:59,102 --> 01:19:01,170 nine ounces per person per day, 993 01:19:01,204 --> 01:19:05,374 we need 2.3 more worlds just to grow all that grain. 994 01:19:06,709 --> 01:19:08,845 China's undergoing a dietary transition right now 995 01:19:08,878 --> 01:19:11,614 as they move onto the western diet 996 01:19:11,647 --> 01:19:14,317 and start eating much more meat. 997 01:19:15,751 --> 01:19:19,355 Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult onset diabetes 998 01:19:19,388 --> 01:19:20,790 and we had to change that name 999 01:19:20,824 --> 01:19:22,859 when it started showing up in children, 1000 01:19:22,892 --> 01:19:24,760 but in 1980, you could not find 1001 01:19:24,794 --> 01:19:27,396 a case of this disease in children. 1002 01:19:27,430 --> 01:19:31,234 People who eat heavily plant-based diets 1003 01:19:31,267 --> 01:19:34,703 have lower rates of obesity, lower rates of type 2 diabetes, 1004 01:19:34,737 --> 01:19:36,572 lower rates of cancer. 1005 01:19:38,007 --> 01:19:40,509 - [Voiceover] In a five year study of diet and health, 1006 01:19:40,543 --> 01:19:42,812 scientist found that a mediterranean diet 1007 01:19:42,846 --> 01:19:46,315 that reduces consumption of red meat and processed foods 1008 01:19:46,349 --> 01:19:48,751 reduced strokes, heart attacks, 1009 01:19:48,784 --> 01:19:52,288 and deaths from heart disease by 30%. 1010 01:19:55,892 --> 01:19:57,636 - [Voiceover] How much longer does someone live 1011 01:19:57,660 --> 01:19:59,662 if they had a plant-based diet? 1012 01:19:59,695 --> 01:20:02,065 - They might get as much as a decade of life. 1013 01:20:02,098 --> 01:20:06,202 However, it's not just how many years you'll live, 1014 01:20:06,235 --> 01:20:07,312 it's the fact that you're gonna live 1015 01:20:07,336 --> 01:20:09,338 in a more healthful way. 1016 01:20:10,773 --> 01:20:13,409 - [Voiceover] Industrial crops and industrial meat 1017 01:20:13,442 --> 01:20:15,912 also use vast amounts of hormones, 1018 01:20:15,945 --> 01:20:18,281 pesticides, and antibiotics. 1019 01:20:19,515 --> 01:20:21,150 These chemicals cause disease 1020 01:20:21,184 --> 01:20:24,187 and antibiotic resistance in humans. 1021 01:20:25,588 --> 01:20:27,891 - 80% of the antibiotics that are produced in America 1022 01:20:27,924 --> 01:20:30,093 go not to human beings, 1023 01:20:30,126 --> 01:20:31,660 they're going to farms, 1024 01:20:31,694 --> 01:20:35,899 and it's destroying a critical medical tool. 1025 01:20:35,932 --> 01:20:37,733 - [Voiceover] Reducing meat consumption 1026 01:20:37,766 --> 01:20:39,735 would also allow us to reforest 1027 01:20:39,768 --> 01:20:42,105 millions of acres around the world 1028 01:20:42,138 --> 01:20:46,742 that are now being used to raise and feed animals. 1029 01:20:46,775 --> 01:20:47,887 - [Voiceover] The good news is that 1030 01:20:47,911 --> 01:20:49,979 there's a way out of this. 1031 01:20:50,013 --> 01:20:52,982 We start sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere 1032 01:20:53,016 --> 01:20:56,352 as degraded lands return forest, 1033 01:20:56,385 --> 01:21:00,289 it's hard to hold these forest back, it's huge. 1034 01:21:02,291 --> 01:21:04,360 - Food in our culture are big part of the problem, 1035 01:21:04,393 --> 01:21:07,396 but have the potential to be a big part of the solution. 1036 01:21:10,166 --> 01:21:12,135 - [Voiceover] Farmers all over the world 1037 01:21:12,168 --> 01:21:15,304 are developing healthier ways of growing crops 1038 01:21:15,338 --> 01:21:17,173 that store carbon in the soil 1039 01:21:17,206 --> 01:21:19,875 and help reverse climate change. 1040 01:21:21,710 --> 01:21:23,479 - We try to design the farm where 1041 01:21:23,512 --> 01:21:26,282 instead of making one large field of one thing, 1042 01:21:26,315 --> 01:21:29,452 we've tried to make it kind of an interesting ecology, 1043 01:21:29,485 --> 01:21:33,389 something that has smaller fields, flowers. 1044 01:21:33,422 --> 01:21:36,292 We have a succession of crops that are coming in. 1045 01:21:36,325 --> 01:21:38,294 They're picking squash out here and cucumbers 1046 01:21:38,327 --> 01:21:41,998 and there's gonna be pumpkins in the back there. 1047 01:21:42,031 --> 01:21:43,566 For our crew, about 50 of them 1048 01:21:43,599 --> 01:21:45,634 have full-time employment here. 1049 01:21:45,668 --> 01:21:48,671 We have to make a place where they can have secure lives, 1050 01:21:48,704 --> 01:21:49,905 so the kids can go to school, 1051 01:21:49,939 --> 01:21:51,274 and they can think about college, 1052 01:21:51,307 --> 01:21:53,185 they don't have to think about moving some place 1053 01:21:53,209 --> 01:21:55,111 to get to the next job. 1054 01:21:56,279 --> 01:21:58,948 And they're growing old with us. 1055 01:22:02,851 --> 01:22:06,289 Crops will have insects that can become a problem, 1056 01:22:06,322 --> 01:22:10,559 but there's a whole army of beneficial insects, 1057 01:22:10,593 --> 01:22:12,361 natural enemies to those, 1058 01:22:12,395 --> 01:22:15,698 and suddenly you have insect control right in your field. 1059 01:22:15,731 --> 01:22:18,334 They're doing work that might otherwise be 1060 01:22:18,367 --> 01:22:22,738 something you pay attention to with a pesticide. 1061 01:22:22,771 --> 01:22:26,409 In the end, we have plants that are really vibrant, healthy, 1062 01:22:26,442 --> 01:22:30,313 and they resist diseases, and the resist insect attacks 1063 01:22:30,346 --> 01:22:32,448 when they're healthy. 1064 01:22:32,481 --> 01:22:34,150 - We used to think it took eons 1065 01:22:34,183 --> 01:22:38,021 to build an inch or two inches of topsoil, but in fact, 1066 01:22:38,054 --> 01:22:39,755 we have, I mean, I can point you to farmers 1067 01:22:39,788 --> 01:22:43,126 who in their lifetime have built several inches of topsoil 1068 01:22:43,159 --> 01:22:44,460 where it didn't exist before, 1069 01:22:44,493 --> 01:22:46,829 and that soil is, of course, carbon, 1070 01:22:46,862 --> 01:22:48,797 carbon taken out of the air. 1071 01:22:48,831 --> 01:22:52,301 - So, we're building carbon, we're building 1072 01:22:52,335 --> 01:22:53,836 organic matter in our ground, 1073 01:22:53,869 --> 01:22:57,873 and still we're growing beautiful, economic crops. 1074 01:22:59,242 --> 01:23:00,843 This is really basic stuff, 1075 01:23:00,876 --> 01:23:03,879 but it is the piece that will unlock 1076 01:23:04,947 --> 01:23:07,583 the ideas of how agriculture does better 1077 01:23:07,616 --> 01:23:10,053 in terms of climate change and soil life 1078 01:23:10,086 --> 01:23:13,922 and healthier plants and healthier production. 1079 01:23:18,661 --> 01:23:20,796 - [Voiceover] It's time to celebrate innovation 1080 01:23:20,829 --> 01:23:22,231 that is big scale 1081 01:23:22,265 --> 01:23:25,768 and could bubble up into a global solution. 1082 01:23:25,801 --> 01:23:28,471 California is right at the helm. 1083 01:23:33,542 --> 01:23:38,514 - There's a sensitivity to the natural environment. 1084 01:23:38,547 --> 01:23:42,251 It's in the air I breathe, the people I meet. 1085 01:23:42,285 --> 01:23:45,354 - [Voiceover] In 2006, California enacted 1086 01:23:45,388 --> 01:23:50,259 comprehensive legislation to address climate change. 1087 01:23:50,293 --> 01:23:52,561 - There was a political coalition 1088 01:23:52,595 --> 01:23:55,898 between environmentalist who cared about climate change, 1089 01:23:55,931 --> 01:23:57,833 people who were concerned with health, 1090 01:23:57,866 --> 01:24:01,237 and fiscal conservatives who were just looking for a way 1091 01:24:01,270 --> 01:24:03,672 to save money for the cities. 1092 01:24:05,141 --> 01:24:08,411 - [Voiceover] California requires that electrical generation 1093 01:24:08,444 --> 01:24:10,913 be derived from renewable sources 1094 01:24:10,946 --> 01:24:13,216 for one-third of the supply 1095 01:24:14,383 --> 01:24:16,552 and that's gonna be achieved by 2020. 1096 01:24:16,585 --> 01:24:20,756 In 2014, California is already better than 22%. 1097 01:24:22,158 --> 01:24:26,028 - 33% is already looking like a floor not a ceiling. 1098 01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:36,071 We have not had any power plants burning coal for years. 1099 01:24:38,374 --> 01:24:40,776 - [Voiceover] Carbon has a price. 1100 01:24:40,809 --> 01:24:44,680 Those who pollute have to buy credits 1101 01:24:44,713 --> 01:24:47,450 and those credits then generate funds 1102 01:24:47,483 --> 01:24:51,187 to invest in sustainable practices. 1103 01:24:51,220 --> 01:24:52,988 - [Voiceover] By 2020, we need to have 1104 01:24:53,021 --> 01:24:55,391 a million solar rooftops 1105 01:24:55,424 --> 01:24:59,428 and we need to have a million electric vehicles on the road. 1106 01:24:59,462 --> 01:25:01,005 - [Voiceover] We have the most intelligent 1107 01:25:01,029 --> 01:25:03,732 building standards that make our buildings, 1108 01:25:03,766 --> 01:25:07,035 residential and commercial, more efficient. 1109 01:25:07,069 --> 01:25:10,273 - The cleanest and cheapest of all energy 1110 01:25:10,306 --> 01:25:13,176 is the energy that you don't have to use. 1111 01:25:13,209 --> 01:25:14,953 - [Voiceover] Every office building had low ceilings 1112 01:25:14,977 --> 01:25:18,447 and a lot of fluorescent lights and black glass, 1113 01:25:18,481 --> 01:25:20,359 majority of the energy being used in these buildings 1114 01:25:20,383 --> 01:25:24,052 was artificial light, but it was daytime, 1115 01:25:24,086 --> 01:25:27,556 and all it took was to make tall ceilings, 1116 01:25:27,590 --> 01:25:29,425 natural glass windows, 1117 01:25:30,626 --> 01:25:33,296 and you don't have to use artificial light. 1118 01:25:33,329 --> 01:25:34,597 When we saw things that way, 1119 01:25:34,630 --> 01:25:38,201 we also made better human environments. 1120 01:25:38,234 --> 01:25:40,403 - California had a requirement 1121 01:25:40,436 --> 01:25:43,639 that the auto companies begin producing cars 1122 01:25:43,672 --> 01:25:46,275 that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions 1123 01:25:46,309 --> 01:25:49,578 and after litigating with the auto companies 1124 01:25:49,612 --> 01:25:51,547 and taking our case all the way 1125 01:25:51,580 --> 01:25:54,016 to the supreme court, we won. 1126 01:25:54,883 --> 01:25:57,186 As a result of this legislation, 1127 01:25:57,220 --> 01:25:59,455 there's a whole series of changes 1128 01:25:59,488 --> 01:26:02,425 in the way cars are being built. 1129 01:26:02,458 --> 01:26:05,728 - What is required is an integrated effort 1130 01:26:05,761 --> 01:26:08,231 in electricity generation, 1131 01:26:08,264 --> 01:26:10,599 transportation of people and goods, 1132 01:26:10,633 --> 01:26:14,837 land use, the way food is grown, the way forest are managed, 1133 01:26:16,439 --> 01:26:19,575 the whole way of life has to be sensitive 1134 01:26:19,608 --> 01:26:21,844 to the requirements of nature. 1135 01:26:21,877 --> 01:26:24,247 - First, people deny that they're part of the problem, 1136 01:26:24,280 --> 01:26:25,948 then they deny that there's a solution, 1137 01:26:25,981 --> 01:26:28,217 then they tell you that if there is a solution, 1138 01:26:28,251 --> 01:26:29,685 it's too expensive, 1139 01:26:29,718 --> 01:26:34,122 the growth in our economy, we believe, is tied to 1140 01:26:34,156 --> 01:26:37,926 our ability to innovate, to use energy more efficiently, 1141 01:26:37,960 --> 01:26:39,928 to create products that other people 1142 01:26:39,962 --> 01:26:42,298 around the world are gonna want to use. 1143 01:26:42,331 --> 01:26:45,868 - There's a lot California can do and is doing, 1144 01:26:45,901 --> 01:26:50,539 but it has no impact unless others join with us, 1145 01:26:50,573 --> 01:26:52,641 sooner rather than later. 1146 01:26:57,280 --> 01:27:00,048 (hopeful melody) 1147 01:27:14,797 --> 01:27:18,701 - [Voiceover] This is a unique human challenge. 1148 01:27:22,137 --> 01:27:26,141 It cannot be solved by one country or one state. 1149 01:27:33,916 --> 01:27:35,560 - [Voiceover] Every day we are making the world 1150 01:27:35,584 --> 01:27:38,687 more dangerous than it was yesterday. 1151 01:27:44,192 --> 01:27:46,161 We have to reverse that system 1152 01:27:46,194 --> 01:27:50,265 to come to a place where every day can be safer planet 1153 01:27:50,299 --> 01:27:52,134 than it was yesterday. 1154 01:27:57,973 --> 01:28:00,042 Life is about creativity. 1155 01:28:03,912 --> 01:28:07,182 What kind of planet you want to create? 1156 01:29:17,119 --> 01:29:21,223 - [Voiceover] In the end, I go back to this story where 1157 01:29:21,256 --> 01:29:24,827 there's an older person who owns an estate. 1158 01:29:28,597 --> 01:29:31,767 And he says, "I want to plant a tree." 1159 01:29:34,102 --> 01:29:37,272 And the gardener says, "Well. 1160 01:29:37,305 --> 01:29:40,543 "You don't understand it's gonna take a generation 1161 01:29:40,576 --> 01:29:43,011 "for this tree to mature, 1162 01:29:43,045 --> 01:29:44,713 "you won't be here." 1163 01:29:46,549 --> 01:29:47,550 And he said, 1164 01:29:48,984 --> 01:29:52,921 "In that case, there's no time to lose, is there?" 1165 01:30:05,834 --> 01:30:09,237 - [Voiceover] We can stop climate change. 1166 01:30:15,611 --> 01:30:18,847 (inspirational music)